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During late Middle Ages Italy was divided into smaller city states and territories: the kingdom of Naples controlled the south, the Republic of Florence and the Papal States the centre, the Genoese and the Milanese the north and west, and the Venetians the east.

Sports are incorporated into Italian festivities like Palio see also Palio di Siena, and the Gondola race regatta that takes place in Venice on the first Sunday of September.